Bhaibheri, chitendero chevachena, chakazivisa hunhapwa kuAfrica here? Kwete, kwete chero nepaduku pese
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Bhaibheri ndiro rakazivisa hunhapwa kuAfrica here? Pamunoongorora kutaura kwenhorondo pamusoro pehunhapwa, munoona kuti haisiyo nyaya iripo.
MaArabu echiMosiremu, vaishandisa Korani, ndivo vakatanga kutengesa nhapwa muAfrica muna 650 AD.
Vakawana gwara revanhu vemuAfrica vaive vagara vaine nhapwa dzavo nakare. Vaiti kana rudzi rumwechete rukapamba rumwe rudzi, vaibva vaita vaya vakurirwa nhapwa. Izvi zvaive zvisiri zveAfrica chete. Hushe hwese hwaive muEurope, America, uye muAsia hwaive hwakavakwa kubva pakubata kwevanhu vaive nhapwa vaibva mundudzi dzevanhu dzaive dzakapambwa. Ndiyo yega yaive nzira yekuvaka nayo hushe yaive yakachipa. Hafu yevanhu vemuAthens munguva yayo vaive nhapwa.
Nhorondo yevanhu yakazadzwa nekutukwa kunosiririsa kwehunhapwa.
Egipita, Asiria, Babironi, Pesia, Giriki, Roma, China, India, Mongoria nenyika dzekuArabu dzakavaka hupfumi hwehushe hwadzo dzichishandisa nhapwa dzakachipa. Ndizvo zvakaitawo maAziteki muMexico, maInkasi mumakomo eAndesi muAmerica, nemaComanche muTexas.
Jurio Kesario akatengesa maGauls anosvika miriyoni rimwechete senhapwa paakapamba France. Izvi zvakamupa mari nevashandi vakachipa kuti atange hushe hweRoma. Tito, mukuru weMauto eRoma muna AD 70, akatora maJuda 97,000 kuvaita varanda paakaparadza Tembere muJerusarema. Alexander mukuru, paaida kurwa zvakasimba kuti apambe guta, aizotengesa vanenge vasara vavo vaisvika 30,000 kuti vaitwe nhapwa.
Saka uku ndiko kwaive kuipa kwehondo. Kana mukakurirwa muhondo maizotarisira kuguma mava nhapwa.
Saka vanhu vemuAfrica, vaiitawo zvekutengesa nhapwa maArabu asati asvikamo muna 650 AD. Ndiyo nzira yairarama vanhu mumazuva ekutanga iwayo. Saka maArabu aiita zvekutengesa nhapwa kwemakore 800 munhu muchena akabva kuPotugal asati asvika muAfrica muna 1471. Africa inyika huru kwazvo, uye yaida marudzi emo kuti atange gwara rekutengesa nhapwa uye rekubatwa kwenhapwa. Izvi zvaida kurongwa kukuru nekubatirana.
Vanhu vekuEurope vekutanga maPutukezi, akaita vanyai kupfurikidza kutakura nhapwa dzekuAfrica, vaive vemadzimambo aive nenhapwa muAfrica kubva panzvimbo imwechete, kuti vanotengwa nevamwe vanhu vemuAfrica vaitenga nhapwa kune umwe musika.
Columbus akazowana West Indies muna 1492. Saka kwaive kusina musika wekutengesa nhapwa muAmerica gore iri risati rasvika.
Zvikepe zvaiburutsa zvinhu kune imwe nhandare, zvotakura zvinhu zvekunotengesa kune imwe nhandare kubva ipapo. Hazvina kutora nguva refu zvisati zvaita kuti vanhu vaitengesa nhapwa vemuAfrica nemaPutukezi vasati vaona kuti kuisawo nhapwa “sezvitakurwa” pakati penhandare dzemuAfrica chaive chinhu chaizovapa mari. Zvinorwadza. Asi rudo rwemari ndiwo mudzi wekuipa kwese. Izvi zvakabva zvabata kuvachena zvese nevanhu vemuAfrica. Vanhu vashoma kwazvo vakarurama kana tasvika panoitwa mari.
Makore makumi mapfumbamwe mumashure mekusvika kwemaPutukezi, Hawkins ndiye akaita munhu wechirungu wekutanga kutora nhapwa kuenda nadzo kuSpain kuSouth America muna 1562.
Nenguva iyi maPutukezi nemaSpanishi vaive vapamba South America, uye vaivaka hushe hwavo ikoko hwaisimudzirwa nekutengesa nhapwa.
Saka maArabu echiMosiremu akaita zvekutengesa nhapwa kubva muna 650 AD, saka vakaita makore anoda kukwana 800 vachiita izvi muAfrica maPutukezi asati asvika.
Vaitengesa nhapwa veChirungu vakava chinyangadzo uye vara rakaipa pamureza weEngland. Asi Mwari akabva amutsa William Wilberforce, akanga azvarwa patsva totenda kumutsiridzo yaJohn Wesley yaive yatanga muEngland. Kwemakore makumi maviri Wilberforce akarwisa hunhapwa, akaguma abudirira kuwana rugwaro rwekuramba kuitwa kwevanhu nhapwa kubva kuhurumende muna 1807. Varungu vakabva vapamba mazana engarava dzaitakura nhapwa, vakasunungura zviuru zvenhapwa panhandare yeFreetown muAfrica.
Saka Evangeri rakaparadza gwara rekutengeserana iri rekuAtlantic raibata vanhu semidziyo inogona kutengwa nekutengesa.
Mumwe wevanhu vashoma vemuGhana vaiita zvenhorondo akabata nyaya idzi, Akosua Adoma Perbi, akanyora kuti “Nhapwa dzakava chinhu chakakosha munyika yeAsante [ nzvimbo dzegoridhe dzine simba kwazvo] kubva pakutanga kwayo. Kwemasenturi matatu, Asante yakaita nzvimbo hurusa inotengeseranwa nhapwa, ine nhapwa uye inoita nezvenhapwa muGhana.”
MaPutukezi pavakasvika panzvimbo muna 1471, vaive vanyai, vachiunza nhapwa (nezvimwe zvinhu) kubva kuSenegal nekuBenini munhandare dzinonanga kuGhana kuti vanotengeswa vachichinjaniswa negoridhe kuvanhu vemuAsante nevamwewo vaive vakapoteredza.
Saka munhu wenhorondo wekuGhana akatiudza kuti Asante yaive nzvimbo hurusa yaiitengeswa nhapwa muGhana kwemakore 300 munhu muchena wekutanga asati asvika.
Saka mhinduro ndeyekuti kwete. Bhaibheri nevanhu vachena havana kuzivisa hunhapwa muAfrica.
MaMosiremu echiArabu emuAfrica ndiwo akatanga kutengeserana kwenhapwa vachena vakaipa vasati vatombouya.
Kuita kwevanhu vaitengesa nhapwa vechichena ava ivara risingagoni kudzimwa papeji renhorondo. Vaive vaipisi vepasi pachokwadi.
Martin Luther akatanga Rumutsiridzo muna 1520 achiparidza kuponeswa nekutenda. Europe ichibva yaedza kubuda muNguva yeRima asi haina kubudirira zvakazara. John Wesley, makore akapoteredza 1750 akatanga kuita kwekuparidzira nehutsvene kwaizoguma kwava nguva yemamishinari yakatanga makore akapoteredza 1792 muEngland.
William Wilberforce muEngland akazvarwa patsva muna 1785, akashandisa chinzvimbo chake muhurumende kurwisa hunhapwa kwemakore makumi maviri kusvikira mutemo wagadzwa muna 1807 kuti ugumise hunhapwa.
Saka aive muKristu akazvarwa patsva, aitenda kuBhaibheri, akateya nheyo dzekugumiswa kwehunhapwa.
Asi inyadziso inokunda gomba reshumba chairo kuti vanhu vachena vaiti vanotenda kuBhaibheri vakazvisanganisa munezvekutengwa nekutengeswa kwenhapwa. Nyadziso uye makaro anogovanwa nevanhu vekuEurope, America, maArabu zvese nevemuAfrica. Vamwe vaive vakanyanya kudarika vamwe, asi vose vane mhosva. Nhapwa dzega ndidzo dzaive dzisina mhaka.
Nhasi kune nhapwa dzinosvika 30 miriyoni pasi rese.
Kutengeswa kwevanhu nhasi uno kunonyanya kuitirwa vakadzi vanoshandiswa muchihure nevana zvakare uye ndiyo nzira iri kukura zvakanyanya yekushandiswa kwevanhu kwekumanikidzirwa, neThailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil neMexico padzakaziviswa senzvimbo dzepamusoro dzinoshandisa vana munezvekusangana pabonde vasina sarudzo.
Zvichibva pane anoita tsvagurudzo Siddharth Kara, mari inowanikwa pasi rese munzira dzese dzehunhapwa muna 2007 yaive $91.2 bhiriyoni. Iyi inzvimbo yechipiri kubva pakutengeswa kusiri pamutemo kwezvinodhaka, muzvikamu zvekuparwa kwedzimhosva pasi rese.
Saka hunhapwa hunoramba huri chinhu chinotyisa nekunyangadza zvikuru kumamiriyoni mazhinji evanhu.
Kuita vanhu vabva kurutivi rwakurirwa muhondo nhapwa, ndechimwe chinhu chakaitwa nendudzi dzese dzevanhu pane imwe nguva. Kushanda kwavo kwakachipa kunopa budiriro kune verutivi rwakakunda. Kana kuti varanda vanongotengeswa, zvounza mari zhinji.
Muna 1452 Pope Nicholas V, pakunyadziswa kwake kukuru, akapasisa kutengeseranwa kwenhapwa kwevanhu vaive vapambwa kubva muhondo.
Ndapota isai musiyano pakati paJesu nekereke.
Nhapota musapomere Jesu kana Bhaibheri pamusoro pezvivi zvekereke.
Pope nekereke yeCatholic vakataura kuti hunhapwa chaive chinhu chakanaka. Asi Jesu akafira kuti atisunungure kubva pahunhapwa hwatiri kuzvivi, hunova hunhapwa hwakanyanya kwazvo.
Chero munhu anotendeuka kubva kuzvivi zvake ogamuchira Jesu seMuponesi wake haagoni kuita mumwe munhu nhapwa. SeMwanakomana waMwari, munhu haasi nani kupinda mumwe. Anenge angori muchinzvimbo chiri nani nekuda kwekuti anenge akaregererwa zvivi zvake.
Saka huranda kana hunhapwa chaive chirwere mumoyo yevanhu kwenguva refu.
Kuita kweHammurabi (makore akapoteredza 1760 BC), semuenzaniso, vaitongera rufu kumunhu wese aibatsira nhapwa kuti ipunyuke kana kuti aipa munhu atiza kwaabva pekugara.
Saka nhapwa dzaivaka hushe hwevamwe vanhu kwenguva refu, refu kwazvo.
Hunhapwa inyaya inonyangadza kwazvo uye nyadziso yacho uye mhosva yakabva yapararira kuAmerica, Europe, kumaArabu muAfrica nekuMadokero.
Ngatitarisei zviitiko zvakati kuti tichitarisana nekutengeswa kwenhapwa muAfrica.
Vachena vaine mhosva uye maArabu vaine mhosva kutengeswa kwenhapwa hakugoni kudzimwa munhorondo. Asi kubatawo kwevanhu vatema mukuita uku hakuna munhu anosiiwa pamhosva iyi.
Hunhapwa hunosiya ropa zhinji mumawoko evanhu vazhinji.
Pepanhau reGuardian:
Vatongi vechinyakare vemuAfrica avo madzitateguru avo akabatana nevanhu vekuEurope nemaArabu mukutengeserana nhapwa vanofanira kutevera kumashure kweBritain neUnited States kunokumbira ruregerero, maererano nemapato ekodzero dzevanhu.
Bato reCivil Rights Congress rekuNigeria rakanyorera madzishe emarudzi richiti: “Hatigoni kuramba tichipomera vanhu vachena, sezvo vanhu vemuAfrica, kunyanya vatongi vechinyakare, vane mhosvawo.”
Kudzokororwa kwenyaya iyi kwakamutsazve nhaurirano yakabata vazhinji pamusoro pekubata kwakaitwa nemamwe madzimambo nemadzishe pakubatsira kubata vamwe vavo vemuAfrica nekuvatengesa muhuranda mukutengeswa kwenhapwa munhivi dzeatilantic.
Shehu Sani, mukuru webato, akataura kuti vaidaidza madzishe kuti vakumbire rurengerero nekuti vaida kusanganisirwawo mubumbiro remutemo raizoumbwa raitevera muNigeria. Akataura kuti pachinzvimbo chevatengi venhapwa, madzitateguru emadzishe “akapamba nzvimbo dzaigara vanhu akatora vanhu, akavaendesa vachiyambuka renje reSahara kana kuyambuka Atlantic”.
Nhapwa zhinji dzakabatwa mukati menyika dzemuAfrica dzakafira murwendo rwekuenda kumabvazuva.
Nzvimbo yakaongororwa naHenry Bonsu, mutepfenyuri akaberekerwa kuBritain wekuGhana, akaongorora nyaya iyi muGhana achiitira chinyorwa chepawairesi. Akataura kuti mamwe madzishe akatambira kuti aive achiziva nyaya iyi akatsvaga kuzvinatsa nekushanyira Liverpool uye United States.
"Ndakataura neumwe ishe akabvuma kuti paive nekubatirana uye kuti pasina kuvapo kwekubata kwavo tingadai tisina kuona kutengeswa kwenhapwa muhuwandu hwakadaro.” Ndizvo zvakataurwa naBonsu mumwe wevakatanga nhepfenyuro yewairesi inonzi Colourful.
"Kukumbira ruregerero muNigeria kunobatsira nekuti madzishe akaita chinhu chakaipa kwazvo akapara mhosva hurusa.”
Bato risina nechekuita nehurumende reAfrica Human Right Heritage, riri kuAccra, muGhana, rinotsigira kuratidzira uku kwekuti vakumbire ruregerero. Baffour Anning, mutungamiri waro akati : "Ndinobvumirana nebato reNigeria Civil Rights Congress kuti vatungamiri nemadzishe anofanira kukumbira ruregerero pamusoro pekubata kwavo mukuita kwakaipa murudzi rwevanhu kwehunhapwa.” Akataura kuti zvinozobvumirana nezvirevo zveUN pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu.
Fred Swaniker, akatanga Academy yeAfrican Leadership akataura kuti: "Handina chokwadi kuti panodiwa kukumbirwa ruregerero, asi zvakafanira kuongororwa nekuitwa nekuda kwekubata kwakaitawo Africa mukutengeswa kwenhapwa. Mumwe munhu aifanira kutsvaga nhapwa ouya nadzo kuvanhu vekuEurope.”
Nhorondo inonyangadza yevamwe vatungamiri vechinyakare inoramba iri chinhu chinonyadzisa icho vanhu vezvematongerwo enyika vazhinji vanosarudza kunyarara nezvazvo. Kunze kwekamwechete muna 1998 apo Yoweri Museveni, mutungamiri wenyika yeUganda, akaudza vanhu vaisanganisira Bill Clinton kuti: “Madzishe emuAfrica ndivo vaitanga hondo nevamwe vavo vachibata vanhu vavo vachivatengesa. Kana paine anofanira kukumbira ruregerero ndivo madzishe emuAfrica. Tichiri navo vanhu vakadaro chero nhasi.” (Ndipo pakaperera chinyorwa ichi)
Musika waitengeswa nhapwa dzaive vanhu vatema yaisimudzirwa nevanhu vakarongeka kwazvo ichitongwa nevanhu vemuAfrica vaive mapoka nevakazvimiririra vega. Chokwadi, sezvataurwa kare muchinyorwa, nhapwa dzakaramba dziriko munzvimbo zhinji dzemuWest Africa kusvika nhasi uno.
Nhapwa dzaifanira kufamba nzendo refu kuti dzisvike kunhandare dzaikwirirwa zvikepe.
Vaitoda kubatirana nevanhu vemunzvimbo kuti zvifambe zvakanaka.
MaArabu akatanga kutengeserana nhapwa dzemuAfrica makore 800 maPutukezi nevamwe vanhu vachena vasati vatanga bhizimisi iri.
Kubva paWikipedia: mumakore ana 1860, zvakataurwa naDavid Livingstone pamusoro pekutengeserana nhapwa muAfrica zvakazunza ruzhinji rwemaBritishi, zvakadzosa kuratidzira kwemapoka aipokana nehunhapwa akazohubvisa kuti hazvisi pamurairo muna 1833.
Kusanganisirwa kweAfrica mukutengeswa kwenhapwa muAtilantic, naKwaku Person-Lynn, PhD”. Africawithin.com zvakachengetwa kubva pazvinyorwa zvekutanga musi wa 18 Kubvumbi 2008. Zvikazodzoswazve musi wa 29 Nyamavhuvhu 2010.
Paive nehumbowo hwakakwana hwaibuditsa pachena nyaya nenyaya dzekubata kwaiita Africa muzvikamu zvekutengeserana uku. Nzvimbo dzakati kuti dzemuAfrica dzakafanana neCalabar nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekuzasi kweNigeria dzaive nehupfumi hwaisimbiswa nekutengeswa kwenhapwa uku. Vanhu vemuAfrica vakafanana nemaImbangala vekuAngola nemaNyamwezi vekuTanzania vaibata sevanyai kana kuti vanhu vanofambisa zvinhu pakati pedzimwe nyika dzemuAfrica kuti vabate vanhu vemuAfrica vachivaendesa kuEurope.
Kutengesa nhapwa kwemaArabu kwakatora makore anodarika mereniyamu. Kusikare kumakore ana1960, huwandu hwevaranda kana nhapwa dzaive muSaudi Arabia dzaisvika 300,000. pamwechete neYemen, Saudis yakazogumisa hunhapwa muna 1962.
Chinyorwa chakanyorwa neinodaidzwa kuti Walk Free Foundation muna 2013, chakawana kuti India ndiyo ine nhapwa dzakawandisa, dzinoda kusvika 14 miriyoni, ichiteverwa neChina (2,9 miriyoni), North Korea 2,6 miriyoni (mumwechete mugumi rega rega), Pakistan (2,1 miriyoni) Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, Thailand, Democratic Republic of Congo, Myanmar, neBangladesh; apo nyika dzaive nehuwandu hwakanyanya hwenhapwa dzaive Mauritania, Haiti, Pakistan, India, neNapal.
Saka dzimwe nyika dzemuAfrica dzichiri kuzvisanganisa mukutengeseranwa kwenhapwa.
Luc Gnacadja, minisita wezvenzvimbo nedzimba muBenin, akazotaura kuti: “Kutengeswa kwenhapwa inyadziso, uye tinotendeuka kubva kwakuri.
Vanoita zvekutsvagiridza vanofungira kuti nhapwa dzinosvika mamiriyoni matatu dzakaendeswa kubva muSlave Coast dzichikwidzwa ngarava inonzi Bight of Benin.
Mutungamiri wenyika wekuGhana Jerry Rawlings akakumbira ruregerero pamusoro pekuti nyika yake yaive nekubata mukutengeseranwa kwenhapwa.
Muna 2010, mutungamiri weLibya Muammar Gaddafi akakumbira ruregerero nekuda kwekubatawo kwakaita Arabu munezvekutengeswa kwenhapwa achiti: “Ndinodemba kwazvo nehunhu hwemaArabu... vakauya nevana vemuAfrica kuNorth Africa, vakavaita nhapwa, vakavatengesa sezvipfuwo, vakavaita varanda vakavatengesa nenzira inonyadzisa kwazvo.
Nhapwa dzemuAfrica dzine nhorondo inorwadza kwazvo.
Nhorondo yenhapwa inoratidza kuti ndudzi dzese dzevanhu vose vatema nevachena vaive nechekuita uye vakazviitira pfuma nadzo; maKristu, maMosiremu, maJuda; vanhu vekuEurope, Africa, America nekuLatin America. Kana tikagona chete kuona izvi panhorondo yatinobata tese pakutengeswa kwenhapwa muAtilantic.
Vanhu vemuAfrica vaive nevaranda havana kubvira vafunga pamusoro pavo kana nhapwa dzavo sevanhu “vemuAfrica”. Pachinzvimbo vakazvifunga semaEdo kana maSonghai kana mamwe mapoka emamwe marudzi. Rudzi rumwe nerumwe rwaiona varanda varwo sevatorwa kana vanhu vepasi kwazvo. Nenzira imwechete, VekuSpain, maFrench, neveChirungu vaiurayana mudzihondo nekuti vaizviona vari maSpanishi maFrench neveChirungu pachinzvimbo chekungoonana sevanhu vemuEurope.
Kazhinji rudzi runenge rwakurira muhondo rwaizodzikisira vavengi v avo kuvaita varanda.
Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The African-American Odyssey, 2nd ed, vol. one (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2005), 27, 30
Iyi imwadhi yazvino yemukoreji yakanyorwa nevanhu vezvenhorondo vatatu vemuAfrica neAmerica:
Vanhu vemuEurope havana kubata nekutapa vega vanhu kuti vavaite nhapwa. Asi vakatenga nhapwa kubva kuvanhu vemuAfrica vaitengesa nhapwa [avo] vaiisira vanhu vekuEurope miganhu munhandare dzaisvikira nekutakurirwa zvinhu nevanhu, apo vemumatunhu imomo vaiita basa rekupamba vanhu kuti vavatengesere vanhu vekuEurope ... vanhu vekuEurope vanotengesa vaipa vanhu vaitengesa nhapwa ava zvombo zvakaita sepfuti, asi havana kuvati vaite hondo. Asi vaizoshandisa hondo dzaiitika kuzviwanira ivo. Dzimwe nguva mauto emuAfrica aibva aita vagari vemaruwa anenge akurirwa nhapwa uye aibva avatengesa. Dzimwe nguva, mapoka aipamba aibata dzimhuri kana vanhu mumwe nemumwe vovapamba. Apo hondo dzaipararira mukati memaruwa aigara vanhu, vanhu vakapambwa vaizofamba mazana emamaira kuenda kunhandare kwavaive vakamirirwa nevanhu vekuEurope. Vaipamba ava vaisungirira vatapwa vavo netambo kana nemajoko emapango muhuro dzavo. Chaive chiitiko chairwadza kwazvo, vanhu vaive vachitapwa vazhinji vaifa nenzara, nekuneta uye zuva kana mamiriro ekunzi aishanduka mukati merwendo rwavo. Vamwe vaizviuraya pachinzvimbo chekutambira zvaive zvavasvikira, vaipambawo vaibva vauraya vaya vaiedza kuita nharo.
Michael Omolewa, Certificate History yekuNigeria (Lagos, Nigeria: Longman Group, 1991), 96- 103, iri muDana Lindaman uye Kyle Ward, chidzidzo cheNhorondo: kuti Mabhuku akanyorwa pasi rese anotsanangura sei nhorondo yeU.S. (New York: New Press, 2004), 79-83.
Vanhu vekuNigeria, semuenzaniso, vanodzidzisa pamusoro pekubata kwavo kwavakaita mukutengeswa kwenhapwa uku:
Varanda kana nhapwa dzaitengeswa dzaibvepi? Chekutanga, maPutukezi pachavo vakatapa vanhu vemuAfrica. Asi nhapwa zhinji dzakatengeswa dzakabva kuvanhu vekuNigeria. Vatengesi vekuNigeria ava ndivo vaipinda mumaruwa aigara vanhu vachibata vamwe vavo vemuNigeria vaibva mune mamwe matunhu. Vatengesi ava vaitotengawo zvakare dzimwe nhapwa kubva muvanhu vaive mumaruwa nemunharaunda dzavaifamba. ... vatengesi vazhinji vemuNigeria vakatanga kuvimba zvakazara kuti vanowana chiraramo kubva pakutengesa nhapwa vakabva vasiya mamwe mabhizimisi uye mamwe mabasa. Pakupedzisira pakamiswa kutengeswa kwenhapwa [neEngirendi muna 1807] vanhu vemuNigeria ava vakatanga kuratidzira. Nekufamba kwemakore pakaparara kutengeswa kwenhapwa vanhu vakaita saivavo vemuNigeria vakarasikirwa nenzira dzaivawanisa mari vachibva vanyura muhurombo hwaisiririsa.
MuGhana, mumwe aiita zvematongerwo enyika ari mudzidzisi Samuel Sulemana Fuseini Akatenderana nekuti madzitateguru ake erudzi rweAsanta vakazviunganidzira hupfumi hwakawandisa nekupamba kutapa nekutengesa vanhu vemuAfrica senhapwa.
Johnson, et al., Vanhu vekuAfrica vari muAmerica, 2–3; Howard W. French, Akati “Panyaya yehuranda, vanhu vemuAfrica vanoti mhosva ndeyavo, zvakare,” Pepanhau reNew York Times 27 Zvita 1994, A4.
Zvimwechetezvo, Mumwe wekuGhana Kofi Awoonor akanyora achiti : “Ndinotenda kuti pane bvuri guru pamusoro peAfrica, uye rine zvakawanda zvekuita nemhosva uye kuramba kwatinoita kubata kwedu panyaya yekutengwa nekutengeswa kwenhapwa. Nesuwo tinofanira kupomerwa pane zvakaitika pakuparwa kweimwe yedzimosva dzakakurisa munhorondo yerudzi rwevanhu.”
“Benini inokumbira ruregerero mukubata kwayo mukutengeswa kwevanhu kuti vave nhapwa,” Boston Globe, 19 Kubvumbi 2000; Richmond Times Dispatch, 29 Chikumi 2003.
Muna 2000, pamusangano wakaendwa nenhume dzakabva kunyika dzakati kuti dzemuEurope neUnited States, vanhu vakabva kuBenini vakazivisa kukumbira ruregerero kweMutungamiri wenyika Mathieu Kerekou achikumbirira nyika yake pakubata kwayo mukutengeswa kwenhapwa “kutengesa vamwe vedu vemuAfrica kumamiriyoni evachena nekutengeswa kwenhapwa.”
“Tinochemera kuregererwa uye kugadzirisana pachedu,” Ndizvo zvakataurwa naGnacadja, minisita weBenini wezvenzvimbo nekuvakwa kwedzimba.
Cyrille Oguin, Ambasada weUnited States, akabvumirana naCyrille Oguin akati “Tinogovana pamhosva huru iyi yekurwadziswa kwerudzi rwevanhu.”
Ellen Knickmeyer, “Mutungamiri wenyika yeSenegal akaramba pfungwa yekuripa mhosva yekutengeswa kwenhapwa,” Boston Globe, 30 Nyamavhuvhu 2001, A27.
Gore rimwechete rakazotevera, Mutungamiri weSenegal Abdoulaye Wade akati , “Iye pachake ari werudzi rwemadzidza akamboita varanda [uye aitengesa varanda] emadzimambo emuAfrica,” akaudza Europe, America, neAfrica kuti vabvume pachena nekudzidzisa pachena pamusoro pekugovana kwavo pamhosva yakaparwa pakutengeswa kwenhapwa muAtlantic.
Brahima Ouadraego, “Mafirimu emuAfrica anoratidzira vamwe vanhu vatema vachiita vamwe vavo varanda, “Boston Globe, 4 Kurume 2001. Firimu iroro rakawhina mubairo mukuru pamhemberero dzemuAmiens, muFrance muna Mbudzi 2000.
Kutaura kwaWade kwakazotaurwa mwedzi yakati kuti mumashure mekuburitswa kweAdanggaman, nemukuru wezvemitambo weIvory Coast Roger Gnoan M’bala achiti, ,“mutambo wemafirimu wekutanga wemuAfrica wakatanga kutarisa kusanganisirwa kweAfrica mukutengeswa kwenhapwa nevekumadokero.”
“Zviri kwatiri,” M’bala akadaro, “Kuti titaure nezvekuitwa nhapwa kwevanhu, kunovhura maronda ezvataive takaviga kwenguva refu tomira kupomera nekutaura kuti zvakaitwa nevamwe ... mutsika dzedu nechinyakare chedu, hunhapwa hunosiiwa nemavune nekuti vanhu vemuAfrica vanonyara kwazvo kana tikataura pamusoro pehunhapwa. Ngatimukei kubva kuhope tizvitarise pamifananidzo yedu tega.”
Loren King, "A Disturbing Look at Betrayals of Slaves," Boston Globe, 21 Gunyana 2001, C7.
“Ichokwadi,” ndizvo zvakataurwa naDa Bourdia Leon wekuBurkina Faso webazi rezveMitambo netsika, “Tinoda rudzi rwemutambo uyu, Adanggaman, kuti tiratidze vana vedu chikamu ichi chenhorondo yedu, yakaitika pakati pedu. Chero ndichinzwa kusuwa, ndinofunga kuti zvakanaka kuti chinhu chakadai ichi chitaurwe nhasi uno.”
Mitambo mizhinji pazvivhitivhiti yemakore akati kuti edhekedhi rakadarika yakazadzisa zvinhu izvi: vanhu vemuAfrica vari muAmerica (PBS, 1998), Wonders of the African World (PBS, 1999), uye bato reAfrican Trade (History Channel International, 2ooo).
Tsamba iyi inotanga nekushanya kweboka remaAfrican-Americans kumuzinda wenhapwa uye kuDoor of No Return pachitsuwa cheGoree chiri munhivi dzeSenegal. “Achiona hutsinye hwevanhu vekuEurope, mutsananguri akafananidza, “vashanyi vakava nechido chekuziva kuti vanhu vemuAfrica vakawira sei mumaoko mavo.” Gwaro ravo reAfrica rakabvuma kuti “Nhorondo iyi yakaoma kutaura nezvayo uye yakaoma kutenda kuti ichokwadi” asi haina kusiirira kana kusarudza pakutsanangura kuti vamwe vanhu vemuAfrica vakapamba vamwe vavo nekutengesa mamiriyoni evanhu vaive vemuAfrica pamwechete navo:
“Marudzi ese aive achibata mukutengeswa kwenhapwa – hapana vasina kuita izvi.”
Vanhu vaive vemuAfirica-vekuAmerica vakabva vapererwa: “Saka hatigoni kupomera vanhu vekuEurope chete,” mumwe wavo akataura kudaro.
“Takatengesa vamwe vedu. Zvinotora vanhu vaviri kwete mumwechete.”
Mumwe mushanyi akabva ataurawo, “ichocho ichokwadi- mari nemakaro.”
Chiitiko ichi chinosanganisirawo kuti “kunzwa kuva nemhoswa kuvachena hakufi kwakadzimika” - asi zvakakoshawo kurangarira izvozvo kuti “ kubatawo kwevatema kunoita kuti munhu wese ave nemhosva.”
Johnson, et al, Africans muAmerica, 2, 5, 7; Seymour Drescher na Stanley L. Engerman, eds., A Historical Guide to World Slavery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 370-375.
Zvinyorwa zvenhorondo hazvishanduriki – sezvazvakanyorwa zviri mugwaro rePBS Africans in America:
Vanhu vachena havana kuzivisa hunhapwa kuAfrica ... musenturi rechigumi nemashanu, vanhu vane ganda dema vaive vatanga kufara kwazvo nekutora vanhu semidziyo ... Makore mazhinji vachena vasati vasvika mumahombekombe eWest Africa, nyika mbiri idzi dzaigovana kugamuchira nhapwa sechinhu chisingagoni kushaikwa uye chakakosha kuvapo – dzimwe nguva chaitodiwa kwazvo – chinhu chiripo mukurarama. Kutengeserana pakati penyika mbiri idzi, sekuipa kwaizovapo, kwakavakwa pakati penzvimbo dzaive dzakafanana. Huranda kwaive kusiri kuita kweEurope kwakaipa, chero zvazvo Europe yakabudirira pakunzwisisa uye kukudza kutengeserana nhapwa zvakanyanya kukava bhizimisi rakaipisisa ... Raive bhanan’ana risina kutinhira. Marudzi aibata mamwe marudzi, pakupedzisira vanhu vemuAfrica vanodarika mamiriyoni makumi maviri vaizobhinywa nekubatwa mumisha yavo.
Johnson, et al., Africans in America, 7, 69–70.
Venhorondo vanofungidzira kuti mamiriyoni gumi evanhu vemuAfrica vakabatwa ava “havana kubvira vakunda kusvika kungarava dzaitakura nhapwa. Vazhinji vaifira munzira vachienda kunyanza” - vakangosungwa, vakabopwa, nekudzvanyirirwa nevapambi vavo vemuAfrica – vasati vabvira vatoona munhu muchena aizovatenga.
(Ibid (kubva mugwaro rimwechete).; Drescher and Engerman, Historical Guide toWorld Slavery, 34.)
Vaizopona vaizotengwa nevanhu vekuEurope vaitenga nhapwa kana kuti “vaiuraiwa pakarepo” nevanhu vemuAfrica “pamberi pemukuru wengarava yaitakura nhapwa” kana vaive vasingatengeseki. Chokwadi, nzira inorwadza inotyisa isina kufanira vanhu – nzira yevanhu vekuEurope (kukazouya vekuAmerica) yengarava dzinotakura nhapwa dzichibva kuAfrica kuenda kumadokero – inenge yakamirira vaya vakapona pakumanikidzwa mukati menzira yekuenda kunyanza.
Mumwechete wevanhu vekuGhana wevashoma vakabata nyaya idzi, Akosua Adoma Perbi, akanyora kuti “nhapwa dzakava chikamu chinokosha cherudzi rweAsante [nzvimbo dzegoridhe dzine simba kwazvo] kubva pakutanga kwadzo. Kwemasenturi matatu, Asante yakava hurusa mukutengeserana nhapwa, nzvimbo yaive nenhapwa dzakawanda uye yaitengeswa nhapwa zvakanyanya muGhana.”
Pakasvika maPutukezi mugore 1471, vaive pakati, vachiuya nenhapwa, (nezvimwe zvinhu) kubva kuSenegal nekuBenini mumahombekombe eGhana kuti vatengese vachipuhwa goridhe nevanhu vemuAsante nevamwe vagari venzvimbo dzakakomberedza.
Vanhu vemuAsante vakabva vatanga kuita nhapwa kuti vawane vabatiri vakachipa mumigodhi yegoridhe. Nhapwa zhinji dzaitengeswa kuvanhu vekuEurope vaive varume nevakadzi vakabatwa muhondo dzairwiwa pakati pemarudzi akaita sevaAsante nevaAcani. Vatapwa vazhinji dzaichengetwa voitwa nhapwa nerudzi rwunenge rwakurira, kwavaibata zvakati nakei zvekuti vaitowana mukana wekuonekerawo mumagariro munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu. Zvakadaro, kuitika kwehondo pakati pemarudzi kwaive, sekunyora kwaPerbi, “vaive vakanangana zvakanyanya nekutora nhapwa kuti vatengese kuvanhu vekuEurope nemakambani eko”. Saka kutengesa nhapwa kwakabva kwakosha kumadzishe emunzvimbo idzi zvekuti kumiswa kwako kwemugore 1807 kwakavarwadza kwazvo.
Mugore 1872, nguva refu mumashure mekumiswa kutengeswa kwenhapwa, Zey, mambo weAsante, akanyorera hurumende yeBritain achikumbira kuti kutengeswa kwenhapwa kudzoserwe.
Bhuku rinonzi “A splendid exchange: how trade shape the world” naWillian J Bernstein.
Gwaro rinoti pfungwa yekuti vanhu vekuEurope vapinde munyika kunobata vanhu yaive yekunyepa. Vazhinji vaifamba nemumvura vaive vasingagoni kugara mumamiriro ekunze emuno muAfrica anopisa zvakanyanya. Saka zvaizova zvakaoma kwazvo kwavari kuti vafambe muAfrica vachibata nhapwa. Asi zvaiitika ndezvekuti vaive nenzvimbo dzavaishandira mumahombekombe dzaive nevanhu vekuEurope vachishanda, kwavaigara mwedzi mishoma vasati vatsiviwa nevamwe vashandi.
Nzvimbo idzi ndidzo dzaiunzwa nhapwa. Kazhinji, marudzi emuAfrica aive mumahombekombe airwa hondo nevaya vaive mukati menyika, vakapamba vanhu, vanhu ivavo ndivo vaizotengeswa kuvanhu vekuEurope, vachipuhwa zvinhu zvakaita sezvivoni-voni, mbatya nemitakunanzva inoshandiswa pakubika.
Vanhu vekuErope vaibva vakurudzira zvehutsinye chaizvo hondo dzemarudzi idzi kuti vawane nhapwa zhinji.
Kubva pawebisaiti: Asante (Ashanti) History Much of the modern nation of Ghana.
"Asante rwaive rudzi rukurusa uye rune simba kwazvo pakati pemarudzi akaitwa munzvimbo dzemasango emuGhana yekuzasi nevanhu vaizivikanwa nekunzi vaAkani. Pakati pezvikonzero zvakaita kuti vaAkani vaite marudzi akawanda, zvichida chikuru chacho chaive chekuti vakapfuma kwazvo negoridhe.
Musenturi rechi 15 ne 16, vatengesi vaitsvaga goridhe vakauya kunyika yeAkan kwete vachibva kuhushe hweSonghay chete (munyika yeMali) nemaguta eHausa muNigeria yekumusoro, asiwo vaibvawo kuEurope. Mumashure mekunge maPutukezi avaka foti yekutanga yeEurope muAfrica paEl Mina muna 1482, nzvimbo iyi yemahombekombe yemuGhana yakazozivikanwa kuEurope ichinzi Gold Coast.
Vatengesi vemuAkan vaishandisa goridhe kutenga nhapwa kubva kune vatengesi vemuAfrica uye vekuEurope.
Chokwadi, apo vanhu vekuEurope vaizotakura vanhu nengarava varanda vanosvika mamiriyoni anosvika makumi maviri kuenda kuAmerica (fungidziro yevanhu ava inosiyana kubva pamakumi maviri kusvika pamakumi mana emamiriyoni vakatumirwa kuAmerica vari nhapwa vachibva kuAfrica yekumadokero vachiendeswa nevatengesi venhapwa vekuEurope), vakatanga kutengeserana nhapwa kupfurikidza kutengesa nhapwa dzemuAfrica kuvatengi vemuAfrica.
MaPutukezi vaitengesa nhapwa dzinosvika 12,000 kunyika yeAkani pakati pemakore 1500 negore 1535, vakaramba vachitengesa nhapwa kubva kuSao Tome nekuNigeria vachidzitengesera kuGold Coast mukati mesenturi rechi16. Benin isati yatanga kumiswa kwekutengeswa kwenhapwa, mutengesi wenhapwa wechiPutukezi akamhan’ara kuBenin kuti vaitenga “nhapwa zhinji kwazvo dzaitengeswa zvakachipa kwazvo paEl Mina.
Kushanda kwenhapwa idzi kwaigonesa vanhu vemuAkan kukudza zviwanikwa zvavo zvegoridhe kupfurikidza kuwedzera kudzika kwemigodhi yavo vachiitawo zvekukuya ivhu. Zvakakoshesesa zvacho, kushanda kwenhapwa kwakatendera Akani kuita mabasa aida vabatiri vazhinji ekuchenesa masango aive akakura kwazvo aive muGhana yekuzasi kuti ive minda yekurima.
Munhu anozivikanwa kwazvo wenhorondo wemuAsante, Ivor Wilks, akataura kuti “Kurima munzvimbo dzaive duku kwazvo kwaiitwa mumasango eGhana, vaAkan pavakatanga kuunza nhapwa musenturi rechi 15 nechi 16 ndipo pavakatanga kugona kubva pahupfumi hwaive hwakasimbiswa nekuvhima nekutsvaga michero kuenda pahupfumi hwezvekurima. Pakaita shanduko yekuenda pakurima iyi, maruwa anogara vanhu muAkan havana kungoperera pakungorima zvirimwa zvavo zvechinyakare chete- miti yavo, nemupunga netsenza asi vakatorawo zvirimwa zvitsva zvakawanda kubva kuAmerica, zvinosanganisa chibage, nemufarinya, zvakauya kuAfrica nevanhu vekuEurope ...”
MuAfrica yekumadokero, mumahombekombe emuGhana neSenegal: misika yenhapwa uko vanhu vaitapwa vachiyambutswa kuendeswa kuAtlantic kuAmerica kana Brazil. Mamiriro ezvinhu ikoko aive asingatauriki. Vanhu ava vakawanda vavo vaifira munzira. Vairarama vacho vaiiswa pabasa.
Africa yekuMabvazuva neyepakati: MaArabu vaiita zvenhapwa vaingoitawo zvimwechete izvi. Chitsuwa cheZanzibar chaimbove nzvimbo hurusa inotengeswa nhapwa munyika iyi.
Nesenturi rechi 19, hunhapwa hwaiitwa hukuru hwaive hwashandura mararamiro evanhu muAfrica yepakati. Vafambi vakaita saDavid Livingstone vaitsanangura nzvimbo iyi sechiroto cheminda isina chinhu, dzimba dzakapiswa, uye vatapwa vachifambiswa vakananga kuMabvazuva kuZanzibar. Chikonzero cheizvi zvese chikuru hwaive hunhapwa.
Kubva paWikipedia: Hunhapwa hwakapararira Africa yese, huchiriko nhasi mune dzimwe nyika
Pakatanga kutengeseranwa kwenhapwa nemaArabu nekutengeserana nhapwa kwemuAtlantic, vazhinji vaiita zvekutengesa nhapwa munzvimbo idzi vakatanga kutengesa nhapwa kunze kweAfrica.
Nhapwa dzekusevenza mudzimba uye mumaindasitiri dzaive dzazara muAfrica. Nhapwa dzemuminda yemiti dzakatangawo mumahombekombe ekuMabvazuva uye munzvimbo dzemuAfrica yekumadokero. Kukosha kwenhapwa dzemudzimba nedzemuminda kwakawedzera musenturi rechi 19 nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwekutengeserana nhapwa muAtlantic. Nyika zhinji dzemuAfrica dzaivimba nekutengeseranwa kwenhapwa kwepasi rese vachinatsurudza hupfumi hwavo kupfurikidza mabasa aishandwa nenhapwa.
Ibn Battuta, akashanyira hushe hweMali hwakare pakati pesenturi rechi14, anotaura kuti vanhu vemunzvimbo idzodzo vaitodadirana nekuda kwehuwandu hwevaranda vavaive navo, iye pachake akapihwa muranda komana “sechipo” achigamuchirwa semweni.
Yainzi Annual customs of Dahomey ndiyo yaive muenzaniso wakakura wekuuraiwa kwevanhu vaive nhapwa, uko vasungwa vaisvika mazana mashanu vaigona kuuraiwa. Kuuraiwa uku kwaiitwa mumahombekombe ese ekumadokero kweAfrica uyezve nechemukati menyika. Kuurayiwa kwevanhu uku kwaive chijairira muhushe hweBenin, yakunzi Ghana nhasi, uyezve mune imwe nyika yaive yakazvimiririra yakuzivikanwa nekunzi Nigeria yekuzasi.
Munzvimbo dzeAshanti, kuuraiwa kwevanhu kwaibatanidzwa nemurango.
Nyika zhinji dzakaita seAshanti Ghana yanhasi neYoruba Nigeria yanhasi dzese dzaive dzichiita zvekutengeserana nhapwa. Mapoka akaita sereImbangala rekuAngola nereNyamwezi rekuTanzania vaive pakati pemutsetse wezvekutengeserana uyu tingati ndivo vaive vanyai. Vaitanga hondo munyika dzemuAfrica kuti vabate vanhu vekuzonotengesa vonoitwa nhapwa.
Louis Gates, aive muAfrican American, Harvard Chair of African and African American Studies, akataura kuti: "Pasina kuvanza hukama mumabhizimisi pakati pemapoka eAfrica neEurope uye vanhu vanotengesa, kutengeserana nhapwa kunyika itsva kwaive kwatanga kungadai kwaisagoneka, nekukura kwakwaive nako ikoko.”
Rudzi rwese rweBubi rwakabva panhapwa dzaive dzabatwa dzikapunyuka dzaive dzemumarudzi emuAfrica yepakati nekuMadokero.
Nekukura kwekutengeserana nhapwa kwetrans-Sahara uye nzvimbo dzegoridhe munzvimbo dzesub Sahara dzekumadokero, nyika dzakati kuti huru dzakatanga kuvawo dzakarongeka munezvekutengeserana nhapwa, kusanganisira hushe hweGhana, hushe hweMali nehushe hweSonghai.
Hunhapwa hwakaparadzirwa zvakare muvanhu veTaureg muNorth Africa hukararamamo kusvika makore anana 1975. Pakati pevanhu vemaAdrar zvikamu gumi nezvishanu kubva muzana zvevanhu zvakaitwa varanda, zvikamu makumi manomwe nezvishanu kubva muzana zvevanhu vemuGurma zvakaitwa nhapwa.
Kutengeserana nhapwa kwemaArabu kwaiitwa mumahombekombe ekuMabvazuva eAfrica. Nguva zhinji, pakati pezvikamu makumi matanhatu nezvishanu uye zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana zvevanhu vemuZanzibar vakaitwa nhapwa. Mumahombekombe ekuKenya, zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe evanhu veko vakaitwa nhapwa, apo hafu yevanhu vemuMadagasca vakaitwa nhapwa.
Pakati pegore 1500 negore 1900, vanhu vanosvika 17 miriyoni vemuAfrica vakaitwa varanda vakatakurwa nevatengesi venhapwa vechiMosiremu vachiendeswa kumahombekombe enyanza yeIdiana, kuMiddle East, nekuNorth Africa. (Asi nhapwa dzemaArabu echiMosiremu dzaive dzatovapo pagore 650 AD).
David Livingstone akanyora pamusoro pekutengeserana nhapwa: “Kuparadza kuipa kwako hakugoneke .... Takadarika mukadzi aive nhapwa akapfurwa kana kubaiwa nebanga muviri wese akarara munzira. [vaive vakatarisa] vakati muArabu aive ambodarika mangwanani ndiye aive aita izvi atsamwa nekuda kwemutengo waaive apuhwa pamusoro pake, nekuti aive asisagoni kufamba. Takadarika mukadzi akasungirirwa nehuro pamuti akafa ... tikasangana nepaive nemurume aive afa nenzara... chirwere chisingajairiki chandakaona munyika ino kuputsika moyo, uye chinobata vanhu vakasununguka vakambobatwa vakaitwa nhapwa.”
Livingstone akafungidzira kuti vanhu vemuAfrica 80,000 vaifa gore rimwe nerimwe vasati vatombosvika kumusika wenhapwa weZanzibar. Zanzibar yaimbove nzvimbo huru yemuEast Africa yekutengesera nhapwa, iri pasi pemaArabu eOmani musenturi rechi 19 nhapwa dzaisvika 50,000 dzaidarika nemuguta gore rimwe nerimwe.
Hunhapwa hauna kubvira hwapera muAfrica, uye zvinoitika zvakanyanya munyika dzemuAfrica, dzakaita seChad, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger, neSudan, munzvimbo dzisisina mutemo nekurongeka. (Wikipedia)
Vamwe venhorondo vanofungidzira kuti pakati pegore 650 negore 1900 vanhu mamiriyoni gumi kusvika kumamiriyoni makumi maviri vakaiswa muhunhapwa nemaArabu. Vamwe vanotenda kuti vanhu vemuAfrica 20 miriyoni vakaendeswa nenzira yetrans-Sahara vachinosiiwa munyika dzechiIsramu.
Dr. John Alembellah Azumah mubhuku rake regore 2001 rinonzi, The Legacy of Arab-Islam in Africa Vaifungidzira kuti vanhu veganda dema vanodarika 80 miriyoni vakafira munzira iyi. Munhu mumwechete pavanhu vashanu vekuAfrica ndiye aisvika ari mupenyu.
Hunhapwa muMauritania muNorth West Africa hwakazonzi imhosva manje manje muna Nyamavhuvhu gore ra2007.
Huranda hwakagara huri chikamu chehupenyu kusvika mazuva achangoti darikei. Mutemo wekuparadza hunhapwa wakapasiswa muEngland muna 1833.